S. Schaeckeler and W. Shang, "Procedural Abstraction with Reverse Prefix Trees". In CGO '09: Proceedings of the 7th International Symposium on Code Generation and Optimization, pages 243-253, Los Alamitos, CA, USA, March 2009. IEEE Computer Society.

Abstract - For memory constrained environments like embedded systems, optimization for size is often as important as, if not more important than, optimization for execution speed. A common technique for compacting code is procedural abstraction. Equivalent code fragments are identified and abstracted into a procedure. The standard algorithm for identifying these fragments is based on suffix trees. We propose in this paper the calculation of suffix trees over the program text not in the common top-down fashion, but reversed, i.e. bottom-up. With this simple modification, not only equivalent fragments can be identified, but also fragments equivalent to (possibly often differently long) suffixes of the longest fragments. A longest fragment is then abstracted, and all fragments are replaced by procedure calls to their corresponding start instruction somewhere in the abstracted procedure. This allows us to harvest more and longer fragments than with standard suffix trees, improving code size reductions on average by 8.277% over standard suffix trees.

Categories and Subject Descriptors: D.3.4 [Programming Languages]: Processors---Code Generation, Compilers, Optimization; E.4 [Coding And Information Theory]: Data Compaction and Compression---program representation

General Terms: Languages, Experimentation, Algorithms

Keywords: Embedded systems, code compaction, code size reduction, post-pass optimization, procedural abstraction, suffix tree, reverse prefix tree, program visualization